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An onboard charger (OBC) is a power electronics device in electric vehicles (EVs) that converts AC power from external sources, such as residential outlets, to DC power to charge the vehicle’s battery pack.
The OBC communicates with the vehicle controller and charging station to determine the proper amount of current/power and the correct charging standard to be applied. There are multiple charging standards globally, including regional standards for Europe, North America and China. The OBC is able to automatically adjust to the correct regional standards based on data received from the EV supply equipment (EVSE) controller or vehicle controller.
The onboard charger also plays an essential role in bidirectional charging modes, meaning it can also convert DC power from the high-voltage battery pack to AC power to support AC loads (V2L), grid power (V2G) and even other EVs.
Enabling faster AC charging
Innovations in OBCs can help EV manufacturers meet consumer demand for faster charging while minimizing battery degradation. AC chargers offer two types of charging: constant current and constant voltage. Constant current charges the battery faster, but it cannot charge the vehicle to its full state of charge; constant voltage, also known as trickle charge, is slower but provides more control and can charge the vehicle to its full capacity. To optimize speed, the OBC uses constant current at the beginning of the charging cycle and switches to constant voltage at the end.
There are two primary types of onboard chargers: single-phase and three-phase. The capacity of a standard single-phase OBC is 7.2 kW to 11 kW, while a three-phase OBC has a capacity of 22 kW. The capacity of the OBC is a key factor in determining the vehicle’s charging time.
The fastest charging option available to consumers is DC fast charging, which bypasses the OBC altogether to provide direct current straight to the battery. Standard DC charging stations have a capacity of 50 kW to 300 kW — more than six times the capacity of single-phase onboard chargers. However, AC charging is gentler on batteries, so the increased capacity that three-phase OBCs provide can help consumers get the most from AC charging while minimizing battery degradation.
A system-level solution
There are a number of safety mechanisms integrated into an onboard charger to protect the end user and achieve the functional safety that automotive applications require, such as shutting off power if the load exceeds operating limits, and creating a separation between external hardware and internal components to mitigate the risk of electrical failure. Ensuring a cybersecure connection is also essential, given that the OBC acts as a high-speed gateway for data to travel between the vehicle and the grid when the EVSE controller is integrated.
Aptiv’s high-voltage product offerings span from the inlet to the battery, including a three-phase onboard charger that is compliant with numerous automotive-grade data and charging standards, such as the ISO 26262 functional safety standard, the HomePlug standard, and the V2G standard.
Aptiv’s approach to optimizing electrical/electronic architecture is well suited to delivering cutting-edge integrated grid-to-battery-pack charging solutions that fulfill the highest requirements for performance, functional safety, cybersecurity and power.
The charging of the electric car depends on three components and its speed will always be determined by the weakest link of the chain. These three components are a charging station, a charging cable and an on-board charger. The least known of these three is the on-board charger. So how does it work? What are the basic types of on-board chargers? And what are the prospects for the future?
The word charger can be confusing. Since the charging station is commonly called a charger, it needs to be clarified that there are two types of chargers:
In this article, we deal with the topic of on-board chargers, those that are an integral part of every electric car. The topic of external chargers (EVSE) and charging with direct or alternating current can be found here.
There are two basic types of charging, you can use either direct current or alternating current. If AC power is used, from the outlet or from the AC charging station, the current passes through the charging cable to the on-board charger, which converts the AC current to DC and sends it to the battery via the Battery Management System (BMS).
On-board charger. Author:Toyota Motor Europe (Licence CC BY-ND 2.0)
If the car is charged with direct current, then the on-board charger is bypassed and the current is sent via the BMS directly to the battery. Therefore, the on-board charger is not used during DC charging, but this charging style has higher demands on the BMS. Here you can find an article on batteries, how they are designed, how to prolong their life and what role DC charging plays in this.
Above all, the on-board charger allows you to control the current and voltage at which the battery needs to be charged (Voltage or Current Control Mode), thus taking care of the battery lifespan.
The charger offers either constant current or constant voltage charging, both of which are easy to operate. And each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. In the case of constant current charging, there is high efficiency and charging speed, but there is a risk that the battery will be overcharged at a later stage, and its lifespan reduced. In the case of constant voltage charging, there is a risk that too much current will flow into the battery from the beginning, which will heat the battery too much and shorten its lifespan again.
Thus, the charger ensures that it is initially charged with a constant current, thus maintaining speed and efficiency, and when the voltage at both ends of the battery reaches a certain amplitude, it changes to constant voltage charging. This system is called the charging strategy and it is the most important function of the on-board charger.
Charging strategies. Source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jat/2019/2613893/
The first phase is the so-called PFC stage (Power factor controller or Power factor correction), which converts alternating (AC) current to direct current. This part of the charger decides whether it will be able to use one, two or all three phases of alternating current. The output voltage of 700V then goes to the second phase.
The second phase is called an LLC converter. The input is the above-mentioned 700V and the output is the voltage needed by the battery at a given moment of charging.
On-board chargers can be divided according to how many phases they can use (whether one, two or three) and according to their output. The power output of on-board chargers is usually in the range of between 3.7 kW and 22 kW. These two characteristics determine the charger’s price and therefore the price of the whole electric car.
On board charger. Source: https://avidtp.com/product/onboard-charger/
The standard AVID charger has an output of either 7.3 kW if it uses only one phase or 22 kW if it uses three phases. The charger is also able to detect whether it will be able to use only one phase or three. When connected to a home AC station, which will also have an output of 22 kW, then the charging time will depend only on the capacity of the battery.
The voltage that this on-board charger can accept is 110 - 260 V AC in the case of connection to only one phase (and 360 - 440V in the case of using three phases). The output voltage that goes to the battery is in the range of 450 - 850 V.
Since the charging speed of an electric car always depends on the power of the weakest link, there is a tendency towards increasingly powerful on-board chargers. Current research focuses mainly on reducing the dimensions and weight of the charger with an emphasis on high energy density, high charging efficiency and good heat dissipation.
Research into the first part of the charger (PFC phase) is well advanced and currently achieves efficiency of 98%. So the overall efficiency depends mainly on the design and efficiency of the DC-DC converter in the second phase.
And in addition, electric cars are also equipped with their own power train, which is also able to change the current from AC to DC. But about its functions and future next time in our article on powertrains.
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