Bellmann M, Schmalz T, Blumentritt S (2010) Comparative biomechanical analysis of current microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joints. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 91(4):644–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.12.014
Blumentritt S, Scherer HW, Wellershaus U, Michael JW (1997) Design principles, biomechanical data and clinical experience with a polycentric knee offering controlled stance phase knee flexion: a preliminary report. J Prosthet Orthot 9(1):18–24
Boonstra AM, Schrama JM, Eisma WH, Hof AL, Fidler V (1996) Gait analysis of transfemoral amputee patients using prostheses with two different knee joints. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77(5):515–520
Buckley JG, Spence WD, Solomonidis SE (1997) Energy cost of walking: comparison of "intelligent prosthesis" with conventional mechanism. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78(3):330–333
Cappozzo A, Figura F, Leo T, Marchetti M (1976) Biomechanical evaluation of above-knee prosthetics. In: Komi PV (ed) Biomechanics V-A. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 366–372
Chin T, Machida K, Sawamura S, Shiba R, Oyabu H, Nagakura Y et al (2006) Comparison of different microprocessor controlled knee joints on the energy consumption during walking in trans-femoral amputees: intelligent knee prosthesis (IP) versus C-leg. Prosthet Orthot Int 30(1):73–80
Chin T, Sawamura S, Fujita H, Nakajima S, Ojima I, Oyabu H et al (1999) The efficacy of physiological cost index (PCI) measurement of a subject walking with an Intelligent Prosthesis. Prosthet Orthot Int 23(1):45–49
Datta D, Heller B, Howitt J (2005) A comparative evaluation of oxygen consumption and gait pattern in amputees using Intelligent Prostheses and conventionally damped knee swing-phase control. Clin Rehabil 19:398–403
Edelstein JE (1990) Prosthetic and orthotic gait. In: Smidt GL (ed) Gait in Rehabilitation. Churchill Livingston Inc., New York, pp 281–300
Gard SA, Childress DS (1999) The influence of stance-phase knee flexion on the vertical displacement of the trunk during normal walking. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80(1):26–32
Gard SA, Childress DS, Uellendahl JE (1996) The influence of four-bar linkage knees on prosthetic swing-phase foot clearance. J Prosthet Orthot 8(2):34–40
Godfrey CM, Jousse AT, Brett R, Butler JF (1975) A comparison of some gait characteristics with six knee joints. Orthot Prosthet 29(3):33–38
Greene MP (1983) Four bar linkage knee analysis. Orthot Prosthet 37(1):15–24
Hafner BJ, Willingham LL, Buell NC, Allyn KJ, Smith DG (2007) Evaluation of function, performance, and preference as transfemoral amputees transition from mechanical to microprocessor control of the prosthetic knee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88(2):207–217
Heller BW, Datta D, Howitt J (2000) A pilot study comparing the cognitive demand of walking for transfemoral amputees using the Intelligent Prosthesis with that using conventionally damped knees. Clin Rehabil 14(5):518–522
Herr H, Wilkenfeld A (2003) User-adaptive control of a magnetorheological prosthetic knee. Ind Robot 30(1):42–55
Isakov E, Susak Z, Becker E (1985) Energy expenditure and cardiac response in above-knee amputees while using prostheses with open and locked knee mechanisms. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl 12:108–111
Jacobs NA (1988) Chap 16: Biomechanics of above-knee prostheses. In: Murdoch G, Donovan RG (eds) Amputation surgery & lower limb prosthetics. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 130–139
Jaegers SM, Arendzen JH, de Jongh HJ (1995) Prosthetic gait of unilateral transfemoral amputees: a kinematic study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76(8):736–743
Jaegers SM, Vos LD, Rispens P, Hof AL (1993) The relationship between comfortable and most metabolically efficient walking speed in persons with unilateral above-knee amputation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74(5):521–525
James U (1973) Oxygen uptake and heart rate during prosthetic walking in healthy male unilateral above-knee amputees. Scand J Rehabil Med 5(2):71–80
James U, Oberg K (1973) Prosthetic gait pattern in unilateral above-knee amputees. Scand J Rehabil Med 5:35–50
Jepson F, Datta D, Harris I, Heller B, Howitt J, McLean J (2008) A comparative evaluation of the Adaptive knee and Catech knee joints: a preliminary study. Prosthet Orthot Int 32(1):84–92
Johansson JL, Sherrill DM, Riley PO, Bonato P, Herr H (2005) A clinical comparison of variable-damping and mechanically passive prosthetic knee devices. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 84(8):563–575
Kahle JT, Highsmith MJ, Hubbard SL (2008) Comparison of nonmicroprocessor knee mechanism versus C-Leg on Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire, stumbles, falls, walking tests, stair descent, and knee preference. J Rehabil Res Dev 45(1):1–14
Kaufman KR, Levine JA, Brey RH, Iverson BK, McCrady SK, Padgett DJ, Joyner MJ (2007) Gait and balance of transfemoral amputees using passive mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees. Gait Posture 26(4):489–493
Kaufman KR, Levine JA, Brey RH, McCrady SK, Padgett DJ, Joyner MJ (2008) Energy expenditure and activity of transfemoral amputees using mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(7):1380–1385
Kaufman KR, Sutherland DH (2006) Chapter 3. Kinematics of Normal Human Walking. In: Gamble JRJ (ed) Human walking, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 33–51
Kirker S, Keymer S, Talbot J, Lachmann S (1996) An assessment of the Intelligent Knee prosthesis. Clin Rehabil 10:267–273
Klute GK, Berge JS, Orendurff MS, Williams RM, Czerniecki JM (2006) Prosthetic intervention effects on activity of lower-extremity amputees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(5):717–722
Koehler-McNicholas SR, Lipschutz RD, Gard SA (2016) The biomechanical response of persons with transfemoral amputation to variations in prosthetic knee alignment during level walking. J Rehabil Res Dev, (In press).
Koehler SR, Gard SA, Meier MR, Cassar M, Lipschutz R (2004) Stance-phase knee flexion in persons with unilateral transfemoral amputations walking on an Otto Bock 3R60 EBS Knee: a preliminary report. Paper presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society (GCMAS), Lexington, KY.
Meier MR, Hansen AH, Gard SA, McFadyen AK (2012) Obstacle course: users’ maneuverability and movement efficiency when using Otto Bock C-Leg, Otto Bock 3R60, and CaTech SNS prosthetic knee joints. J Rehabil Res Dev 49(4):583–596
Michael JW (1994) Prosthetic knee mechanisms. Phys Med Rehabil State Art Rev 8(1):147–164
Michael JW (1999) Modern prosthetic knee mechanisms. Clin Orthop Relat Res 361:39–47
Michael JW (2004) Chap 33: Prosthetic Suspensions and Components. In: Michael JW, Bowker JH, Smith DG (eds) Atlas of amputations and limb deficiencies: surgical, prosthetic, and rehabilitation principles, 3rd edn. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, pp 409–427
Moosabhoy MA, Gard SA (2006) Methodology for determining the sensitivity of swing leg toe clearance and leg length to swing leg joint angles during gait. Gait Posture 24(4):493–501
Murphy EF (1964) The swing phase of walking with above-knee prostheses. Bull Prosthet Res 10(1):5–39
Murray MP, Mollinger LA, Sepic SB, Gardner GM, Linder MT (1983) Gait patterns in above-knee amputee patients: hydraulic swing control vs constant-friction knee components. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 64(8):339–345
Murray MP, Sepic SB, Gardner GM, Mollinger LA (1980) Gait patterns of above-knee amputees using constant friction knee components. Bull Prosthet Res 17(2):35–45
Oberg KET, Kamwendo K (1988) Chap 19: knee components for the above-knee amputation. In: Murdoch G, Donovan RG (eds) Amputation surgery & lower limb prosthetics. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Orendurff MS, Segal AD, Klute GK, McDowell ML, Pecoraro JA, Czerniecki JM (2006) Gait efficiency using the C-Leg. J Rehabil Res Dev 43(2):239–246
Peizer E, Gardner HF (1972) Selection and application of knee mechanisms. Bull Prosthet Res 10(18):90–158
Perry J, Burnfield JM (2010) Gait analysis: normal and pathological function, 2nd edn. SLACK Inc, Thorofare
Perry J, Burnfield JM, Newsam CJ, Conley P (2004) Energy expenditure and gait characteristics of a bilateral amputee walking with C-leg prostheses compared with stubby and conventional articulating prostheses. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(10):1711–1717
Radcliffe CW (1970a) Biomechanics of above-knee prostheses. In: Murdoch G (ed) Prosthetic and Orthotic Practice. Edward Arnold Ltd., London, pp 191–198
Radcliffe CW (1970b) Functional considerations in the fitting of above-knee prostheses. In: Wilson AB (ed) Selected articles from artificial limbs. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co. Inc., Huntington, pp 5–30
Radcliffe CW (1977) The Knud Jansen Lecture: above-knee prosthetics. Prosthet Orthot Int 1(3):146–160
Schmalz T, Bellmann M, Proebsting E, Blumentritt S (2014) Effects of adaptation to a functionally new prosthetic lower-limb component: results of biomechanical tests immediately after fitting and after 3 months of use. J Prosthet Orthot 26(3):134–143
Schmalz T, Blumentritt S, Jarasch R (2002) Energy expenditure and biomechanical characteristics of lower limb amputee gait: the influence of prosthetic alignment and different prosthetic components. Gait Posture 16(3):255–263
Schmalz T, Blumentritt S, Marx B (2007) Biomechanical analysis of stair ambulation in lower limb amputees. Gait Posture 25(2):267–278
Schuch CM (1992) Transfemoral amputation: Prosthetic management. In: Michael JBJ (ed) Atlas of limb prosthetics. Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, pp 509–533
Segal AD, Orendurff MS, Klute GK, McDowell ML, Pecoraro JA, Shofer J, Czerniecki JM (2006) Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of transfemoral amputee gait using C-Leg and Mauch SNS prosthetic knees. J Rehabil Res Dev 43(7):857. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2005.09.0147
Sensinger JW, Intawachirarat N, Gard SA (2013) Contribution of prosthetic knee and ankle mechanisms to swing-phase foot clearance. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 21(1):74–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2224885
Seymour R, Engbretson B, Kott K, Ordway N, Brooks G, Crannell J et al (2007) Comparison between the C-leg microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee and non-microprocessor control prosthetic knees: a preliminary study of energy expenditure, obstacle course performance, and quality of life survey. Prosthet Orthot Int 31(1):51–61
Shurr DG, Michael JW (2002) Prosthetics & orthotics, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Sutherland JL, Sutherland DH, Kaufman KR, Teel M (1997) Gait comparison of two prosthetic knee units. J Prosthet Orthot 9(4):168–173
Taylor MB, Clark E, Offord EA, Baxter C (1996) A comparison of energy expenditure by a high level trans-femoral amputee using the Intelligent Prosthesis and conventionally damped prosthetic limbs. Prosthet Orthot Int 20(2):116–121
Theeven P, Hemmen B, Rings F, Meys G, Brink P, Smeets R, Seelen H (2011) Functional added value of microprocessor-controlled knee joints in daily life performance of Medicare Functional Classification Level-2 amputees. J Rehabil Med 43(10):906–915. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0861
Traugh GH, Corcoran PJ, Reyes RL (1975) Energy expenditure of ambulation in patients with above-knee amputations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 56(2):67–71
Waters RL, Mulroy S (1999) The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Gait Posture 9(3):207–231
Waters RL, Perry J, Antonelli D, Hislop H (1976) Energy cost of walking of amputees: the influence of level of amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58(1):42–46
Waters RL, Yakura JS (1989) The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med 1(3):183–209
Williams RM, Turner AP, Orendurff M, Segal AD, Klute GK, Pecoraro J, Czerniecki J (2006) Does having a computerized prosthetic knee influence cognitive performance during amputee walking? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(7):989–994
Willingham LL, Buell NC, Allyn KJ, Hafner BJ, Smith DG (2004) Measurement of knee center alignment trends in a national sample of established users of the Otto Bock C-Leg microprocessor-controlled knee unit. J Prosthet Orthot 16(3):72–75
Winter DA (1992) Foot trajectory in human gait: a precise and multifactorial motor control task. Phys Ther 72(1):45–53 discussion 54-46
Yang L, Solomonidis SE, Spence WD, Paul JP (1991) The influence of limb alignment on the gait of above-knee amputees. J Biomech 24(11):981–997
Zuniga EN, Leavitt LA, Calvert JC, Canzoneri J, Peterson CR (1972) Gait patterns in above-knee amputees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 53(8):373–382
Want more information on single axis prosthetic knee? Click the link below to contact us.